Purpose In a novel approach, certain ORGANIC wastes byproducts of agro industries were assessed for their ability to supportmaize growth and Zn bioavailability in maize grain. Methods In a field experiment, maize (Zea mays) was supplemented with farm yard manure (FYM), press mud (PM), fisheriesmanure (FM), and slaughter house waste (SHW) in combination with Zn soil application (ZnS) and Zn foliar spray (ZnF)with recommended doses of N: P: K (140: 100: 60 kg ha− 1), respectively. Besides assessing the maize growth, grain, and strawyield, Zn bioavailability in maize grain was also studied. Results ORGANIC materials combined with ZnS and ZnF significantly increased the maize yield and Zn bioavailability. PM + ZnS increased the grain yield by 69. 71%, while FM + ZnF and FYM + ZnF increased the grain Zn concentration by86. 37 and 86. 16%, respectively. Moreover, grain Zn content was greatly influenced by PM + ZnS and PM + ZnF resulted anaverage increase by 160%. Phytate concentration and phytae: Zn molar ratio in grain were decreased by 30. 34 and 66. 92%, respectively by FYM + ZnF. Estimated Zn bioavailability ranged from 0. 92 to 2. 04 mg Zn/300 g in maize grain, and wasmaximum by PM and FYM combined with ZnF. Conclusion ORGANIC MANURES influence the nutrient uptake from soil, increase the product quality, and act as a good ORGANICfertilizer. The current study revealed that ORGANIC MANURES can enhance crop growth and Zn uptake in grain in sustainablemanner. It would be an eco-friendly approach by utilizing ORGANIC wastes annually generated by agro industries.

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of phyto- and zooplankton, and growth performance of Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus were done in earthen vats receiving compost, Diammonium Phosphate and vermicompost as direct application fertilizer were conducted. Significant differences were observed in the diversity and abundance of plankton in response to fertilization. The highest production of fish was obtained in the vats treated with vermicompost (3,970.56 kg/ha/90 days), followed by Diammonium Phosphate (3080.45 kg/ha/90 days), compost (1,952.64 kg/ha/ 90 days) and the lowest in the control (385.92 kg/ha/90 days). Vermicompost might be a cost-effective fertilizer in carp culture, replacing the expensive chemical fertilizer Diammonium Phosphate.

ORGANIC MANURES are the source of many pathogenic bacteria which could be dangerous for human health. In this study, the effects of soil texture and structure on transmitting and filtering of manure-borne Escherichia Coli were investigated. The intact soil samples (25 cm in height and 16 cm in diameter) were taken from a sandy clay loam soil and a loamy sand soil. Three MANURES including: cow manure, poultry manure and sewage sludge was applied on the surface of the soil cores at the rate of 10 Mg ha-1 on dry basis. With controlled steady-state unsaturated water flow, the influent and effluent concentration of Escherichia Coli were determined vs. time up to four pore volumes (PV). In spite of greater adsorptive sites of sandy clay loam soil, more bacteria have been transmitted and polluted the effluent of the soil. The loamy sand soil filtered more Escherichia Coli compared with the sandy clay loam soil. The effluent contamination of poultry manure-treated columns was greater than the cow manure and that of treated sewage sludge. In the majority of the columns, the difference between cow manure and sewage sludge was negligible. The filtration of Escherichia Coli in loamy sand soil was greater due to weaker structure and discontinuity of pores which are responsible for Physical filtering. In sandy clay loam soil, the stable structure and preferential pathways are believed to cause funneling of the bacteria towards the bottom of the columns and the early appearance of Escherichia Coli in the drain water. The results demonstrated the importance of soil structure and preferential (macroporous) flow in bacteria transport which could diminish the impacts of soil texture and adsorptive sites on the transmission mechanisms.

In order to determine effects of chicken and cattle MANURES in culture of Chlorococcum, an experiment was designed in six treatments including; 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 g/l of chicken manure and 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 g/l of cattle manure as completely randomize design with three replicates for 28 days.Results showed that the mean maximum density (87.1´105 cell/ml), specific growth rate (0.054 day-1), algal dry biomass (0.644 g/l), and chlorophyll a (9.42 mg/l) were obtained with 0.8 mg/l chicken manure. In order to compare performance of these MANURES with other culture media, second experiment with five treatments including; BBM (control) (Bold’s Basal Medium), BBM+soil extract, 0.8 g/l chicken manure, 0.8 g/l cattle manure and mixture of all treatment (BBM, BBM+soil extract, chicken manure and cattle manure) was designed as completely randomize design with three replicates for 15 days. Comparative results showed that BBM+ soil extract had highest algal density (11.6 x 106 cells/ml), highest algal dry biomass (0.81 mg/ml), maximum SGR (0.13 /day), highest chlorophyll a (10.15 mg/l) and minimum doubling time (4.97 days). In conclusion, performance of BBM+soil extract was better in terms of biomass and growth parameters of Chlorococcum.

Anthurium production has an important contribution to the floriculture or cut flower industry. The integration of ORGANIC and inORGANIC nutrient sources is the best cultivation management for anthurium. The study was conducted to assess the effect of ORGANIC MANURES and inORGANIC fertilizers as exogenous sources of nutrients on the performance of anthurium. The study was two factor experiment laid out in a 3 × 3 adopting a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Treatment means comparison was done using tukey’, s significant difference test (HSD). The different factors were as follows: M1: Coconut husk, M2: Coconut husk with chicken dung and M3: Coconut husk with cattle manure for factor A, and F0: No inORGANIC fertilizer, F1: 90-60-60 (NPK) and F2: 45-30-30 (NPK) for factor B. The results revealed that the chicken and cattle MANURES as part of the growing media significantly improve the growth of anthurium regardless of the amount of inORGANIC fertilizer applied. The net income as well as the return on cash expense were negative from all treatments.

ORGANIC matter can improve soil fertility as well as soil physical and mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of long-term (seven years) incorporation of ORGANIC MANURES (compost, sewage sludge, farmyard manure) at four application rates (0, 25, 50 and 100 Mg ha-1) and inORGANIC fertilizer (250kg urea ha-1 and 250 kg ammonium phosphate ha-1) on some soil, physical (ORGANIC carbon, texture and bulk density) and consistency limits (plastic limit, liquid limit and plasticity index) using a complete randomized block design with three replications. ORGANIC manure application significantly increased ORGANIC carbon and consistency limits due to high absorbing water capacity of ORGANIC matter, but the soil bulk density was decreased. The soil texture and plasticity index were not significantly affected by adding ORGANIC manure. Each percent increase in ORGANIC matter, the friability index increased by about 3/9%. In fact, with higher friability index, the longer will be the period when soil cultivation is feasible, extending suitable moisture for tillage operations without damaging to soil structure. The result indicated that 100 Mg sewage sludge ha-1 treatment had the best performance in increasing moisture limits for agricultural machinery trafficability and soil tillage. InORGANIC fertilizers had no significant effect on improvement of the measured properties. Therefore, ORGANIC manuring could be better than inORGANIC fertilizer for improving soil physical and mechanical properties.

In order to study the effect of different green manure plants on soil ORGANIC carbon, phosphor, total and mineral nitrogen, an experiment was conducted over two years (2009 and 2010) based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The green manure treatments included sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet (Panicum miliaceum), turnip (Eruca sativa), white clover (Trifollium repens), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia), red clover (T. pratense), berseem clover (T. alexandrinum), vetch (Vicia sativa), bitter vetch (Vicia peregrine) and oat (Avena sativa) plants. Changes in soil nutrient elements and nitrogen mineralization were measured during different time periods after plant residues incorporation to soil. At the first and second year the results indicated that sorghum and pearl millet green residues resulted in the highest amount of soil ORGANIC carbon after five months incorporation. At first year, the highest soil nitrogen content (0.23 %) was observed in white clover plant after five months incorporation and at second year has been derived by applying vetch green residues (0.34 %). At first year the C: N ratio significantly decreased after 3 months soil incorporation of white clover. At first year, the highest soil phosphor content (34.00 mg/kg) was obtained after five months incorporation of white clover plant while in second year the highest phosphorus content of soil obtained by applying vetch green residues. In conclusion white clover and vetch due to lower C: N ratio, higher total and mineral nitrogen and phosphor for subsequent plant, is introduced as proper green manure among studied plants.

Purpose The study evaluated dried MANURES and manure ashes as alternative products from animal MANURES, and determinedthe dynamics of soil nitrogen availability indices and ORGANIC carbon release in some soils amended with dried MANURES andashes under laboratory incubation, screen-house and field experiments. Methods Cattle, goat and poultry MANURES were collected and air dried to produce dried MANURES after which part of the driedMANURES were burnt in open space at a temperature range of 320– 450 ° C to produce manure ashes. Treatments which wereno amendment (control), dried MANURES of cattle, goat and poultry manure ashes of cattle, goat and poultry and NPK 15-15-15 at 120 kg N ha− 1 were applied to soil. Samples were taken fortnightly after amendment incorporation in the incubationexperiment; in screen-house experiment and field experiments, plant seeds were established after amendment incorporation; thereafter, soil samples were taken fortnightly. Soil samples were analyzed for soil ORGANIC carbon (SOC), NH4+– N andNO3− – N using a spectrophotometer. Results Incineration of MANURES increased pH, exchangeable cations and carbon, while nitrogen in MANURES ashes was comparableto nitrogen in dried MANURES. The application of manure ash increased SOC, NH4+– N and NO3− – N by 182, 102, 128% in incubation experiment while 64 and 628% increase in SOC and NH4+– N was recorded in screen-house experiment, respectively, relative to the control. In the field experiment, a significant increase in NO3− – N was recorded at the onset ofincorporation; nitrification was more pronounced than ammonification under incubation and field conditions. Conclusion Dried MANURES are not superior to manure ashes and incorporation of MANURES ashes increased the SOC, NH4+– Nand NO3− – N though changes with increasing weeks were erratic.